Adjective - Adverb                                    adadex

 
Main rules:
   
  Adjectives define nouns (i.e. persons and things)

Examples:          Ms Mace is a nice person.

                              M & C's staff are efficient.

                              You should never be inflexible in business.

Adverbs define:

1. Verbs:                        She wrote this letter quickly.

2. Adjectives:               She is extremely nice.

3. Adverbs:                   She is writing extremely quickly.

4. Whole sentences:  Unfortunately, we cannot help.

 
  Important exceptions:
   
  1. The so called predicative adjective is used after verbs that  define the nature of the thing or person rather than any  action.
   
  e.g.: to be,   remain,   become,   get,   grow (sein, bleiben, werden)

         to look,   feel,   smell,   taste,   sound   ( sinnl. Wahrnehmung)

 
  Examples:           Tom remained cool.

                                Mary became rich.

                                I feel great.

                                This perfume smells awful.

 
  2. There are also adverbs with and without -ly.
  Without -ly they have the same meaning as the adjective.

With -ly they have a different meaning.

Examples:

hard = schwer       hardly = kaum

late = spät             lately = kürzlich

high = hoch           highly = höchst

deep = tief            deeply = zutiefst

close to = nahe    closely = genau, eng, fest, dicht

fair = fair               fairly = ziemlich, ungefähr
  Examples:
   We came late.              We arrived just lately.

The stone fell deep.      He was deeply depressed.

They played fair.           She speaks fairly well.

 
  3. Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective.

Examples:

hard   fast   far   little   long   enough   much

daily   early   quarterly   weekly

better   best   last   worse   worst   less

 
  4. Adjectives ending in -ly must be paraphrased (umschrieben werden)

Example: They treated me in a friendly way.

She came in time (adjective = timely)

 
  5. Some spelling problems:

due - duly             true - truly

simple - simply    possible - possibly     whole - wholly

 
   
  The Position Of Adverbs
   
  1. Adverbs of definite place or time are placed at the beginning or end of a sentence.

Examples:         Susan will arrive tomorrow.

                           Yesterday I got my first wages.

 
  2. Adverbs of indefinite time (never) and adverbs of manner (Art und Weise - slowly) are placed in the following way:
   
  Simple tenses - before the verb:

He seldom works on Sundays.

Tina quickly laid the table.

 
  Compound tenses - after the first auxiliary:

(= zusammengesetzte Zeiten - nach dem ersten Hilfsverb)

I have never met him before.

This has always been done.

 
  3. If adverbs of various types follow each other the order is the     following:

 
  Place - Manner - Time (Ort - Art und Weise - Zeit)
   
  Examples:            We got there quickly yesterday.

                              They will arrive here hopefully tomorrow.

 
  4. Never place an adverb between verb and direct (accusative) object!!
   
  WRONG: They have bought never foreign computers.
  RIGHT:    They have never bought foreign computers.

 

Translation Exercises:

1. Wir sind eng mit ihnen verbunden.

2. Der Zug trifft morgen um 9 Uhr im Hauptbahnhof ein.

3. Ich habe nie zuvor soviel Geld verdient.

4. Die Nachricht traf ihn hart.

5. Das Flugzeug flog so hoch, dass wir es kaum sehen konnten.

6. Wir sind glücklicherweise in der Lage, ihnen den Kredit zu gewähren.

7. Das Essen in Frankreich schmeckt allgemein sehr gut.

8. Die Fragen müssen genau beantwortet werden.

9. Aufgeregt betrachtete er den Kampf.

10. Thomas rechnet überraschend gut.

11. Der neue Manager ist ernsthaft krank.

12. Sie unternahmen oft zusammen einen Spaziergang.

 

Solutions:

1. closely connected 2. at the main station at 9 o'clock tomorrow 3. have never before 4. hit him hard 5. so high ... could hardly see 6. Fortunately, ... 7. generally ... good. 8. answered exactly. 9. ... excitedly 10. surprisingly well  11. seriously ill 12. often went on...